Transistor Sebagai Saklar

Berdasarkan karakteristiknya, selain sebagai penguat, transistor juga dapat berfungsi sebagai saklar. Apabila rangakaian transistor sebagai saklar menggunakan jenis transistor NPN, maka ketika basis diberi tegangan tertentu, transistor akan berada dalam kondisi ON (Saturasi), besarnya tegangan pada basis tergantung dari spesifikasi transistor itu sendiri (β, Vcc, dan IC Max).

         Terminal Basis akan mengontrol arus yang mengalir dari Collector ke Emitor. Arus atau tegangan tertentu yang dihubungkan ke input (terminal Basis) akan menyebabkan transitor saturasi seperti halnya saklar tertutup seolah-olah terminal Collector dan Emitor terhubung singkat seperti saklar tertutup, akibatnya arus akan mengalir dari Collector ke Emitor. Pada kondisi ini tegangan Collector-Emitor (V_ce) mendekati nol (0 Volt). Sebaliknya jika tidak terminal Basis tidak diberi arus atau tegangan, maka transistor akan berada dalam kondisi Cut-Off dan terminal Collector-Emitor terputus seolah saklar terbuka, akibatnya arus tidak akan mengalir dari Collector ke Emitor. Dalam kondisi ini tegangan Collector-Emitor akan maksimal (sama dengan Vcc).

              Sebuah transistor NPN mempunyai penguatan (β) 100 kali dan I_c = 20mA. Jika tegangan Vcc = 5 Volt, maka R_b (Resistor pada Basis) yang dibutuhkan untuk menghasilkan arus Basis agar transitor menjadi ON adalah:

 

Diketahui :

        I_c       =  20 mA = 0,02 A

        β     =  100

       V_be  = 0,6 - 0,7 Volt (Tegangan Basis-Emitor).Tegangan ini nilainya tetap.

        Vin  = 5 Volt

Ditanyakan :

Nilai R_b ?

Jawab :

  β     =  Ic/Ib

 100  =  20/Ib

  I_b    =  0,02/100

   I_b    =  0,0002 A (0,2 mA)

=>       R_b =  (Vin - Vbe)/Ib

                 =  (5 - 0,6)/0,0002

                 =  4,4/0,0002

                  =  22000 Ohm

                  =  22 KOhm 

        Pada gambar di atas, lampu L1 akan menyala jika Basis diberi tegangan 5 Volt dan akan padam ketika Basis (Vin)= 0 Volt. Pada saat L1 On, transistor bekerja seperti saklar tertutup dan ketika L1 Off, transistor bekerja seperti saklar terbuka. Transistor sebagai saklar ini menjadi cikal-bakal pembuatan IC Digital logika (logic gate).

tugas 3 bahasa inggris 2

1) Material of  Adjective and Relative Clause

Adjective Clause is a dependent clause used adjective within a sentences to describe noun. Relative pronoun usually used to introduce an adjective clause. We can said Relative pronoun as a adjective clause mean clause used as an adjective to explain the noun or pronoun condition. Adjective clause usually begins with a Relative pronoun like which, that, who, whom, whose and a relative adverb like where, when, why.

Relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called relative pronoun cause it relates to the word or sentences that it modifies.

Relative Pronoun :

·     Which, replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It cann't replace nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It can be the subject of a verb. It can also be the object of a verb or preposition.

·      That, replace nouns and pronouns that refer to people, animals or things. It can be the subject of a verb. It can also be the object of a verb or preposition.

·     Who, replace nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cann't replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the subject of a verb.

·     Whom, replace nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the object of a verb or preposition. It cannot be the subject of a verb.

·        Whose, replace possessive forms of nouns and pronouns. It can refer to people, animals or things. It can be part of a subject or part of an object of a verb or preposition, but it cannot be a complete subject or object.

           

Relative Adverb :

• When, replace a time like in+year, in+month, on+day. It cann't be a subject but it can be eliminated.
• Where, replaces a places like in+area, in+city, at+school. It cann't be a subject but it can be eliminated. in a preposition like at, in, to usually must be added.

·    Why, replaces a reason for something to explain. Iit cann't be a subject but it can be eliminated.

Example of adjective clause :

1.    - Andi has a motorcycle

       - It is look very old

Andi has a motorcycle which look is very old.

2.    - The car hit Rama

- The car has a blue colour

The car that hit Rama has a blue colour

3.    - My friend messaged me

- They stand in front of the door

The people who messaged me in front of the door are my friend

4.    -  My mother called me

- She ask about the news

The person whom called me to ask about the news is my mother

5.    - The driver out of motorcycle before accident

- The car has been destroyed

The car whose driver out of motorcycle before accident has been destroyed

6.    - My suster cooked me a pasta

- This day is my birthday

My suster cooked me a pasta when my birthday

7.    - The school is new

- My sister study in the school

The school where she study is new

8.    - He is always angry

- She leaves him

He is always angry why she leaves

Questions and Answers of the excercises :

1.    Q . I talked to the woman she was sitting next to me

A . I talked to the woman who was sitting next to me 

2.    Q . I have a class it begins at 08.00 Am

A . I have a class which begins at 08.00 Am

3.    Q . The man called the police his car was stolen

A . The man whose car was stolen called the police

4.    Q . The building is very old he lives there

A . The building where he lives is very old

5.    Q . The woman was ms Silvy I saw her

A . The woman whom I saw was ms Silvy


2) Article 

 The Town-Mouse And The Country-Mouse

A town-mouse paid a visit to his friend who lived in the countryside. The country-mouse was happy to see his friend. So he prepared a fine feast for him. The town-mouse looked at the fruit and the car of corn with hatred

"Is this how you live ?" he asked, "life in the country does not offer much."

the town-mouse arriving at the city.He persuaded the country-mouse to accompany him to the town and see all the good things there.

So, the country-mouse packed all his belongings and off they went to the city. The country-mouse was really surprised to see the things there. But as soon as they settled down to enjoy a fine meal of cheese and fruit, a big cat leapt in through the window. the cat entering through the windowSeeing the cat, both the mice ran into their hole to save themselves, so the cat ate up all the cheese and fruit.

When the cat had gone away, the mice came out of their hole.

"I am going," cried the country-mouse, "I like my simple fare in safety than this grand feast in such a danger."

sumber : http://www.kidsgen.com/moral_stories/townmouse_countrymouse.htm

Active And Pasive

Active

In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by the verb.
    These examples show that the subject is  doing the verb's action.
            
Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice.

Passive
One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the verb - or passive.
    Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship has changed.
            
Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive), such sentences are said to be in the passive voice.


NOTE:   Colorful parrots live in the rainforests cannot be changed to passive voice because the sentence does not have a direct object.
To change a sentence from active to passive voice, do the following:


    1.  Move  the active sentence's direct object into the sentence's subject  slot
             

    2. Place the active sentence's subject into a  phrase beginning with the preposition by
              


    3.  Add a form of the auxiliary verb be to the main verb and change the  main verb's form
              




Because passive voice sentences necessarily add words and change the normal doer-action-receiver of action direction, they may make the reader work harder to understand the intended meaning.
As the examples below illustrate, a sentence in  active voice  flows more smoothly and is easier to understand than the same sentence in  passive voice.


             

            
It is generally preferable to use the ACTIVE voice.

To change a passive voice sentence into an active voice sentence, simply reverse the steps shown above.


    1.  Move  the passive sentence's subject into the active  sentence's  direct object slot
             

    2.  Remove  the auxiliary verb be from the main verb and change main verb's form if needed
            

    3. Place the passive sentence's object of the preposition by into the subject slot.
           

Because it is more direct, most writers prefer to use the active voice whenever possible.
The passive voice may be a better choice, however, when

• the doer of the action is unknown, unwanted, or unneeded in the sentence

             Examples
             

• the writer wishes to emphasize the action of the sentence rather than the doer of the action

            Examples

               

Article :

Yet in recent weeks, the on-loan Sunderland forward has shown signs of becoming the player he often threatened to be at parent club Arsenal - where his languid style and approach to the game eventually saw him cast as the scapegoat for the club’s wider problems.

After a promising loan spell at Birmingham City in the Championship throughout the 2006-07 season, Bendtner returned to north London and quickly established himself as a cult figure at the club.

He wrote his name in Gunners folklore with his first-ever Premier League goal, which sealed a 2-1 victory over Tottenham in December 2007 just seconds after the striker had been introduced as a second-half substitute.

Yet after being rewarded for his match-winning performance, the following week, on first league start against Everton, Bendtner served warning that he would be just as likely to frustrate as dazzle after receiving a red card for a second bookable offence in Arsenal’s 4-1 win at Goodison Park.

As such, a return of 22 Premier League goals since his promotion to the first team at the Emirates was not enough for his misdemeanours to be brushed aside as the loveable escapades of a tortured genius, and his performances did little to suggest there was brilliance hiding behind the madness.

Frustrations on both the striker’s and his club’s part – sparked by his omission from the starting XI for the 2-1 League Cup final defeat to Birmingham City - saw the Denmark international once again sent on loan at the start of the current campaign, yet Bendtner has far from floundered during his spell at Sunderland.

Initially, under Steve Bruce, he looked to be slipping into familiar habits. With the Black Cats’ poor form from the second-half of last season continuing into the new campaign, the forward failed to make any real sort of impact at the Stadium of Light.

Outside of football, switching from the bright lights of London to the north-east did little to dilute his volatile character.

Arrested for brawling at a Newcastle hotel in September of last year, Bendtner’s first impression under new boss Martin O’Neill also came in the shape of another brush with the law, with the Dane and club captain Lee Cattermole both arrested for damaging cars in the city.

Yet since the Northern Irishman’s arrival at the club in December, there has not only been an upturn in fortunes for Sunderland, who are now on course to seal a top 10 finish after spending the first half of the season flirting with the sides at the bottom of the table, but also a marked improvement in the striker’s output.

Bendtner will always be a player to score one out of every four good opportunities, but with James McClean proving to be more than just a young gun riding on adrenaline and a lack of fear, and Sebastian Larsson beginning to form a promising understanding with his ex-Arsenal and Birmingham team-mate, the 24-year-old has become the focal point of a Sunderland side brimming with potential.

words that are underlined and bolded containing passive sentences